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<div class="daohang" id="daohang"><strong>位置:</strong><a href='http://3g.ChineBooks.com/'></a> > <a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/'>古代文学</a> > <a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/'>道教书籍</a> > <a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/zhongguodaojiaofazhanshilue/'>中国道教发展史略</a> > </div>
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  <h1 class="h11">七 明清时期的道教（2）明成祖与武当山的张三丰</h1>
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<div class="articleContent" id="articleContent"> <h2>第二节 &nbsp;明成祖与武当山的张三丰</h2><p>明初有太祖朱元璋与其神仙朋友周颠的一段渊源，已与道教结下不解之缘。到明成祖称帝的时期，忽又醉心倾慕习俗传闻，对活了两三百年的神仙道人张三丰，不但屡下诏书访求，并派遣使臣到处寻觅。后来又在湖北武当山为张三丰大兴土木，建设武当成为道教的胜地。因此道教在明代，又平添武当张三丰的一派，以身心内炼金丹，达成性命的双修的丹法为主。明末以后，直到现在，其流风遗被，凡言武术技击，气功吐纳、内功导引、男女采战等江湖术士，无一不附会于张三丰而尊之为嫡传的祖师。声名之隆，影响之大，自吕纯陽以后，所有著名神仙方士，尚无出于其右者。且武当道士，自明代以后，又巍然自成一派，与“<span class="qiangdiao1">全真</span>”、“<span class="qiangdiao1">正一</span>”等家，分庭抗礼，互不相下。武当道观亦以供奉真武大帝为主，其旨趣虽略同于“<span class="qiangdiao1">全真</span>”，实则大异于唐、宋道教的崇拜对象。据湖北地方轶闻，武当道观的真武大帝圣像，实为明成祖自己的塑像，但故作长发仗剑，俨如天君神帝的形状。究其动机，最初因闻其侄建文皇帝逃匿为僧，隐于房县。房县原位于武当山脉，故兴建道观供奉真武，作为压胜的象征。事出有因，查无实据，若以成祖的为人而论，其大兴武当道观的事实内幕，是否可能存有其他隐秘作用，诚难遽下断语。至于张三丰与武当之因缘，是适逢其会，因此得一跃而为后世道教武当派的祖师，宁非神仙奇遇!</p><p>《明外史》本传云：</p><p class="letter">张三丰，辽东懿州人，名全一，一名君宝，三丰其号也。以其不饬边幅，又号张邋遢。颀而伟，龟形鹤背，大耳圆目，须髯如戟，寒暑惟一衲一蓑，所啖升斗辄尽，或数日一食，或数日不食，书经目不忘，或处穷山，或游市井，能一日千里，嬉笑谐谑，旁若无人。尝游武当诸岩壑，语人曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">此山异日必大兴。</span>”时五龙南岩繁霄俱毁于兵火。三丰去荆榛，辟瓦砾，与其徒创草庐居之，已而舍去，行游四方。太祖故闻其名。洪武二十四年遣使遍觅之不遇，后居宝鸡之金台观。一日，自言当辞世，留颂而逝。县人共棺敛之，及葬，闻棺内有声，启视则复活。乃游四川，见蜀献王。复入武当，历襄汉，不常厥处。永乐中，成祖遣给事中胡潢偕内侍朱祥赍玺香币往访，积数年，穷陬僻壤皆到，迄不遇。乃命工部侍郎郭琎隆、平候张信等，督丁夫三十余万人，大营武当宫观，费以数百万计，既成，赐名太岳太和山，设官铸印以守，竟符三丰言。或言三丰金时人，元初与刘秉忠同师，后学道于鹿邑之太清宫，与里人张毅相习。毅四世孙朝用，尝游宝鸡遇三丰，问：“<span class="qiangdiao1">汝家名毅者为谦?</span>”答曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">吾高祖也。</span>”三丰曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">吾曾见其始生时，今孺子亦渐长，努力读书，官可至三品。</span>”后亦符其言。天顺三年，英宗赐诰，赠为通微显化真人，然竟莫测其存亡也。</p><p>《武当山志》云：</p><p class="letter">三丰号元元子，又号张邋遢，辽东懿州人，张仲安第五子也。寓居凤翔宝鸡县之金台观修炼，忽留颂而逝，士民杨轨山殓之，临窆复生，以一小鼓留其家。入蜀转楚，或隐或现，有问以大道者，专以仁义劝人，事皆先见，往来鹤鸣山，半岁失所在。尝至甘州张指挥家，遗一中袖及葫芦。天顺间，甘肃总兵官王敬患中满疾，诸医不能疗，以中袖火煨服之愈。后葫芦忽自震碎，留杨氏小鼓，虽戛大镛不能混其声，后亦亡去。又旧志载张全一号三丰，相传留候之裔，洪武初遍历诸山，搜奇览胜，乃至武当结庵，常与耆旧语云：“<span class="qiangdiao1">吾山异日与今，大有不同。</span>”命丘铉清住五龙、卢秋云住南岩、刘古泉杨善澄住紫霄，又结庵展旗峰北曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">遇真宫黄土城内曰会仙馆。</span>”语弟子周真德曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">尔可善守香火，成立自有时来，非在予也。</span>”洪武二十三年拂袖长往，不知所之。二十四年诏遣三山高道，清理道教曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">张元元者可请来。</span>”永乐十年，遣使致香书，屡访不获。正统元年，诰赠为通微显化真人。</p> </div>
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